Liquefied Gas Handling Principles
On Ship and Terminals
Mc Guire and White
THIRD EDITION
First Edition 1986
Second Edition 1996
Third Edition 2000
© Copyright SIGTTO, Bermuda 1986, 1996, 2000
ISBN 1 85609 164 3
All rights reserved
Published and Printed in Great Britain by
Witherby & Co Ltd
32-36 Aylesbury
Street
London EC1R 0ET, England
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
While the information given has been gathered from what is believed
to be the best sources available and the deductions made and recommendations put forward are considered to be soundly based, this book is intended purely as helpful guidance and as a stimulation to the development
of more data and experience on the subject.
No responsibility is accepted by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators Ltd or by any
person, firm, corporation or organisation who or which has
been
in any way concerned with the
compilation, publication,
supply or
sale of this
textbook, for
the accuracy
of any
information or soundness of any advice given herein or for any omission herefrom or for any consequence whatsoever
resulting directly or indirectly from the adoption
of the guidance contained herein.
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Preface to third edition
Liquefied Gas Handling Principles, after two previous editions, is firmly established as the standard text for the industry’s operational side. It is an indispensible companion for all those training for operational qualifications and an
accessible work of reference for those already directly engaged in liquefied
gas operations. Its appeal extends also to many
others, not directly involved
in the operational aspects of the industry, who require
a
comprehensive
and ready reference for technical aspects of their
businesses.
It is therefore important
for Liquefied Gas Handling Principles to be kept thoroughly up to date. Although there are
no single major changes from previous editions,
this, its Third Edition, comprises many amendments that together ensure the work is kept current with contemporary operating practices.
Preface to second edition
Since publication of the first edition, this book has
become an acknowledged text for courses leading to the award of Dangerous Cargo Endorsements for seagoing
certificates of competency. In this regard, the book’s contents are now recommended by IMO in the latest revision of the Standards
of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping convention. In
addition, the book is being used increasingly for many
non-statutory courses involving
the training of marine
terminal personnel. These
achievements are due to the efforts of many SIGTTO
members who have ensured
comprehensive and practical
coverage of the subject.
This second edition of Liquefied
Gas Handling Principles on Ships and in Terminals is produced to bring the first edition up to date. The main
changes stem from publication by IMO
of the
International
Code for the
Construction and Equipment
of Ships
Carrying Liquefied
Gases in Bulk (IGC Code). This Code was under preparation at the time of the first
edition but
was not fully
covered as publication
dates for
each coincided. Also, since the IGC Code was printed,
a number of amendments
have been made to it. These changes are incorporated into the Safety of Life at Sea convention and, therefore, need
coverage. At the time of writing, further amendments to the Gas Codes are being considered by IMO and these are also covered in this edition. One such is the new framework of rules and guidelines covering the Loading Limits for ships’ cargo tanks. This initiative has direct relevance to ship’s personnel and needs
to be understood
by staff involved in cargo handling operations
at loading terminals.
The new second edition also includes the appropriate parts from the most up to date Ship/Shore Safety Check List as printed in the latest edition of the International Safety
Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals. This check list should be used by all terminals
handling gas carriers. The
Ship/Shore Safety Check List is supported
by IMO in its Recommendations on the Safe Transport of Dangerous
Cargoes and Related Activities in Port Areas.
Revision of the original text was also necessary due to the introduction of stricter environmental requirements; the decision to ban the use of halon as a fire- extinguishing medium is one
example of such changes. Growing environmental
awareness concerning many halogenated hydrocarbons (halons) and refrigerant
gases such as CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbons), resulting
from an international agreement called the
Montreal Protocol on
Substances which Deplete the
Ozone Layer (1987), will cause gradual phasing out and replacement
by other products.
Preface to first edition
This textbook, published
by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal
Operators (SIGTTO), deals with the safe handling
of bulk liquid gases (LNG, LPG and chemical
gases) and emphasises the
importance of understanding
their
physical properties
in relation to the practical
operation of gas-handling equipment on ships and at terminals. The
book
has been written primarily for serving ships’ officers and terminal
staff
who are responsible
for cargo
handling operations,
but also
for personnel who
are about
to be
placed in
positions of
responsibility
for these
operations.
The contents cover the syllabus for the IMO Dangerous Cargo
Endorsement (Liquefied Gas) as outlined in the IMO Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping convention. The text is complementary to the Tanker Safety Guide (Liquefied
Gas) and the IMO
Gas
Carrier Codes. Where a point regarding ship design requires authoritative interpretation, reference should always be made to the IMO Codes. The importance
of the ship/shore interface in relation to the overall
safety of cargo handling operations is
summarised in Chapter Six and stressed throughout
the text.
Names of compounds are those traditionally used by the gas industry. In general, Systeme International (Sl) units
are used
throughout the
book although,
where
appropriate,
alternative units are given. Definitions are provided in an introductory section and
all sources of
information used throughout the
text
are identified
in Appendix 1. A comprehensive
index is also provided for quick reference and topics which occur in more than one chapter
are cross-referenced throughout
the text.
This textbook is also intended as a personal
reference book for serving officers on gas carriers and for terminal operational staff.
Acknowledgements
The original text of this book was devised and drafted by Graham McGuire and Barry
White of the Hazardous Cargo Handling
Unit (now The Centre for Advanced
Maritime Studies,
Edinburgh, UK) to whom the Society expresses its sincere gratitude.
Particular thanks is also due to Michael Corkhill, Roger Ffooks, Paddy Watson and the late Alberto Allievi for their work on the first edition.
When revising the text in 1995 valuable assistance was received from Martin Boeckenhauer, Doug Brown, Michael
Corkhill (again), John Glover, Jaap Hirdes, Roy Izatt,
Mike Riley and Bill Wayne all of whom have the express thanks of the Society. For the new edition,
many revised drawings are provided and in this regard thanks are due to David Cullen and Syd Harris.
Appreciation is
also
expressed to the SIGTTO Secretariat
who co-ordinated
the comments
received.
Finally, the
Society acknowledges the
personal assistance from
many
individuals within the SIGTTO membership
worldwide who have ensured that the text will be of direct relevance to all concerned with the safe and reliable
marine transportation and terminalling of liquefied gases.
Contents
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION
|
Page No.
v
|
|
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
|
v
|
|
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
|
vi
|
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
|
vii
|
|
FIGURES AND TABLES
|
xv
|
|
DEFINITIONS
|
xix
|
|
EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS
|
xxviii
|
|
CHAPTER 1
|
INTRODUCTION
|
1
|
1.1
|
Liquefied gases
|
1
|
1.2
|
Liquefied gas production
|
2
|
1.2.1
|
LNG production
|
3
|
1.2.2
|
LPG production
|
5
|
1.2.3
|
Production of chemical gases
|
6
|
1.2.4
|
The principal products
|
7
|
1.3
|
Types of gas carriers
|
9
|
1.4
|
The ship/shore interface and jetty standards
|
12
|
1.4.1
|
Safe jetty
designs
|
12
|
1.4.2
|
Jetty operations
|
12
|
CHAPTER 2
|
PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED GASES
|
15
|
2.1
|
Chemical structure of gases
|
15
|
2.2
|
Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
|
17
|
2.3
|
The chemical gases
|
19
|
2.4
|
Chemical properties
|
20
|
2.5
|
Inert gas and nitrogen
|
24
|
2.6
|
Polymerisation
|
26
|
2.7
|
Hydrate formation
|
28
|
2.8
|
Lubrication
|
28
|
2.9
|
Physical properties
|
29
|
2.10
|
States of matter
|
29
|
2.10.1
|
Solids, liquids and gases
|
29
|
2.10.2
|
Spillage of liquefied gas
|
32
|
2.11
|
Principles of refrigeration
|
32
|
2.12
|
Critical temperatures and pressures
|
34
|
2.13
|
Liquid/vapour volume relationships
|
Page No.
34
|
|
2.14
|
Ideal gas laws
|
34
|
|
2.15
|
Saturated vapour pressure
|
37
|
|
2.16
|
Liquid and vapour densities
|
41
|
|
2.16.1
|
Liquid density
|
41
|
|
2.16.2
|
Vapour density
|
42
|
|
2.17
|
Physical properties of gas mixtures
|
43
|
|
2.18
|
Bubble points and dew points for mixtures
|
44
|
|
2.19
|
Reliquefaction and enthalpy
|
46
|
|
2.19.1
|
Enthalpy
|
46
|
|
2.19.2
|
Refrigeration
|
46
|
|
2.20
|
Flammability
|
48
|
|
2.21
|
Suppression of flammability by inert gas
|
52
|
|
2.22
|
Sources of ignition
|
53
|
CHAPTER 3
|
PRINCIPLES OF GAS CARRIER DESIGN
|
57
|
3.1
|
Design standards and ship types
|
57
|
3.1.1
|
The gas carrier codes
|
57
|
3.2
|
Cargo containment systems
|
58
|
3.2.1
|
Independent tanks
|
59
|
3.2.2
|
Membrane tanks
|
62
|
3.2.3
|
Semi-membrane tanks
|
65
|
3.2.4
|
Integral tanks
|
66
|
3.2.5
|
Internal insulation tanks
|
66
|
3.3
|
Materials of construction and insulation
|
66
|
3.3.1
|
Construction materials
|
66
|
3.3.2
|
Tank insulation
|
66
|
3.4
|
Gas carrier types
|
67
|
3.4.1
|
Fully pressurised ships
|
68
|
3.4.2
|
Semi-pressurised ships
|
68
|
3.4.3
|
Ethylene ships
|
69
|
3.4.4
|
Fully refrigerated ships
|
69
|
3.4.5
|
LNG ships
|
70
|
3.5
|
Gas carrier layout
|
70
|
3.6
|
Survival capability
|
72
|
3.7
|
Surveys and certification
|
72
|
3.7.1
|
Certificate of fitness
|
72
|
3.7.2
|
Other certification
|
73
|
CHAPTER 4
|
THE SHIP — EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION
|
75
|
4.1
|
Cargo pipelines and valves
|
75
|
4.1.1
|
Cargo pipelines
|
75
|
4.1.2
|
Cargo valves and strainers
|
76
|
4.1.3
|
Emergency shut-down (ESD) systems
|
77
|
4.1.4
|
Relief valves for cargo tanks and pipelines
|
77
|
4.2
|
Cargo pumps
|
79
|
4.3
|
Cargo heaters
|
86
|
4.4
|
Cargo vaporisers
|
87
|
4.5
|
Reliquefaction plants and boil-off control
|
87
|
4.5.1
|
Indirect cycles
|
87
|
4.5.2
|
Direct cycles
|
88
|
4.6
|
Cargo compressors and associated equipment
|
91
|
4.6.1
|
Reciprocating compressors
|
92
|
4.6.2
|
Screw compressors
|
94
|
4.6.3
|
Compressor suction liquid separator
|
Page No.
95
|
|
4.6.4
|
Purge gas condenser
|
95
|
|
4.6.5
|
LNG boil-off and vapour-handling systems
|
96
|
|
4.7
|
Inert gas and nitrogen systems
|
96
|
|
4.7.1
|
Inert gas generators
|
97
|
|
4.7.2
|
Nitrogen production on ships
|
100
|
|
4.7.3
|
Pure nitrogen from the shore
|
100
|
|
4.8
|
Electrical equipment in gas dangerous spaces
|
101
|
|
4.9
|
Instrumentation
|
102
|
|
4.9.1
|
Liquid level instrumentation
|
102
|
|
4.9.2
|
Level alarm and automatic shut-down systems
|
107
|
|
4.9.3
|
Pressure and temperature monitoring
|
107
|
|
4.9.4
|
Gas detection systems
|
108
|
|
4.9.5
|
LNG custody transfer systems
|
108
|
|
4.9.6
|
Integrated systems
|
109
|
|
4.9.7
|
Calibration
|
109
|
CHAPTER 5
THE TERMINAL — EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTATION 111
5.1 Cargo transfer systems
111
5.1.1 Hoses 111
5.1.2 Hard arms (loading arms) 112
5.1.3 Vapour return 116
5.1.4 Insulating
flanges 118
5.2 Shore storage 118
5.2.1 Pressurised
storage at ambient temperature 118
5.2.2 Storage in semi-pressurised
spheres 122
5.2.3 Refrigerated storage at atmospheric pressure 123
5.2.4 Construction materials and design 128
5.3 Ancillary equipment
129
5.3.1 Pressure relief venting
129
5.3.2 Pipelines
and valves 129
5.3.3 Pumps, compressors and heat exchangers 131
5.4 Instrumentation 134
5.4.1 Product metering 134
5.4.2 Pressure, temperature and level instrumentation 137
5.4.3 Gas detection
systems 137
5.5 Fire-fighting
137
5.5.1 Water 138
5.5.2 Foam 138
5.5.3 Dry chemical
powders 138
5.5.4 Carbon dioxide
(CO2 ) systems 139
5.5.5 Halon replacements 139
5.5.6 Inspection, maintenance and training 140
CHAPTER 6
THE SHIP/SHORE
INTERFACE 141
6.1 Supervision and control 141
6.2 Design considerations 143
6.2.1 The terminal 143
6.2.2 The ship 143
6.3 Communications 144
6.3.1 Prior to charter
144
6.3.2 Prior to arrival 144
6.3.3 Alongside
the jetty 145
6.4 Discussions prior to cargo transfer 145
6.5
|
Ship/Shore safety check list
|
Page No.
146
|
||
6.6
|
Operational considerations
|
147
|
||
6.6.1
|
Berthing and mooring
|
147
|
||
6.6.2
|
Connection and disconnection of cargo hoses and hard arms
|
148
|
||
6.6.3
|
Cargo tank atmospheres
|
148
|
||
6.6.4
|
Cargo handling procedures
|
149
|
||
6.6.5
|
Cargo surveyors
|
149
|
||
6.6.6
|
Gangways and ship security
|
150
|
||
6.6.7
|
Bunkering
|
150
|
||
6.6.8
|
Work permits
|
151
|
||
6.7
|
Fire-fighting and safety
|
151
|
||
6.8
|
Linked Emergency shut-down systems
|
152
|
||
6.9
|
Terminal booklet — Information
and Regulation
|
153
|
||
6.10
|
Training
|
154
|
||
CHAPTER 7
CARGO
HANDLING OPERATIONS 155
7.1 Sequence of operations
155
7.2 Tank inspection, drying and inerting 156
7.2.1 Tank inspection 156
7.2.2 Drying 156
7.2.3 Inerting — before loading
157
7.3 Gassing-up 160
7.3.1 Gassing-up
at sea using liquid from deck storage tanks 161
7.3.2 Gassing-up
alongside 161
7.4 Cool-down 163
7.5 Loading 165
7.5.1 Loading — preliminary procedures 165
7.5.2 Control of vapours during loading
167
7.5.3 Loading — early stages 168
7.5.4 Bulk loading
170
7.5.5 Cargo tank loading limits
171
7.6 The loaded voyage 174
7.6.1 Operation
of the reliquefaction plant 176
7.6.2 LNG boil-off as fuel 177
7.7 Discharging 177
7.7.1 Discharge by pressurising
the vapour space 178
7.7.2 Discharge by pumps 178
7.7.3 Discharge via booster
pump and cargo heater 182
7.7.4 Draining
tanks and pipelines 183
7.8 The ballast voyage 183
7.9 Changing cargo (and preparation
for drydock) 184
7.9.1 Removal
of remaining liquid 185
7.9.2 Warming-up 186
7.9.3 Inerting — after discharge 187
7.9.4 Aerating 188
7.9.5 Ammonia — special procedures 189
7.10 Ship-to-ship transfer 190
7.11 Conclusion 190
CHAPTER 8
CARGO
MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION 191
8.1 Principles for liquefied
gases 191
8.1.1 Special practices
for gas cargoes 191
8.1.2 General.
Density in air and density in vacuum 192
8.1.3
|
True density (apparent density)
|
Page No.
193
|
|
8.1.4
|
Relative density (specific gravity)
|
193
|
|
8.1.5
|
Apparent relative
density (apparent specific gravity)
|
194
|
|
8.1.6
|
LNG quantification
|
195
|
|
8.1.7
|
Shore measurement versus ship measurement
|
195
|
|
8.2
|
Measurement of cargo tank volumes
|
196
|
|
8.2.1
|
Trim correction
|
196
|
|
8.2.2
|
List correction
|
197
|
|
8.2.3
|
Tape correction
|
197
|
|
8.2.4
|
Float correction
|
198
|
|
8.2.5
|
Tank shell contraction and expansion
|
198
|
|
8.3
|
Measurement of density
|
198
|
|
8.3.1
|
Density measurement methods
|
198
|
|
8.3.2
|
Units of density
|
199
|
|
8.4
|
Ship/shore calculation procedures
|
199
|
|
8.4.1
|
Outline of weight-in-air calculation
|
199
|
|
8.4.2
|
Procedures using standard temperature
|
200
|
|
8.4.3
|
Procedure using dynamic flow measurement
|
201
|
|
8.5
|
Example — cargo calculation
|
202
|
|
8.6
|
Other calculation procedures and measurement units
|
203
|
|
8.7
|
Cargo documentation
|
203
|
|
CHAPTER 9
|
PERSONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
|
207
|
|
9.1
|
Cargo hazards
|
207
|
|
9.2
|
Flammability
|
210
|
|
9.2.1
|
Operational aspects
|
210
|
|
9.2.2
|
Emergency aspects
|
210
|
|
9.3
|
Air deficiency
|
210
|
|
9.3.1
|
Toxicity
|
210
|
|
9.3.2
|
Asphyxia (suffocation)
|
212
|
|
9.3.3
|
Medical treatment
|
213
|
|
9.3.4
|
Oxygen therapy
|
214
|
|
9.4
|
Frostbite
|
215
|
|
9.5
|
Chemical burns
|
216
|
|
9.6
|
Transport to hospital
|
217
|
|
9.7
|
Hazardous atmospheres
|
217
|
|
9.7.1
|
The need for gas testing
|
217
|
|
9.7.2
|
Oxygen analysers
|
218
|
|
9.7.3
|
Combustible gas indicators
|
220
|
|
9.7.4
|
Toxicity detectors
|
222
|
|
9.8
|
Entry into enclosed spaces
|
223
|
|
9.8.1
|
Precautions for tank entry
|
223
|
|
9.8.2
|
Procedures
|
224
|
|
9.8.3
|
Rescue from enclosed spaces
|
225
|
|
9.9
|
Personal protection
|
225
|
|
9.9.1
|
Breathing apparatus
|
225
|
|
9.9.2
|
Protective clothing
|
227
|
|
CHAPTER10
|
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
|
229
|
|
10.1
|
The principal hazards
|
229
|
|
10.1.1
|
Flammability
|
229
|
|
10.1.2
|
Vaporisation of spilled liquid
|
230
|
|
10.1.3
|
Toxicity and toxic products of combustion
|
230
|
|
10.1.4
|
Frostbite
|
230
|
|
10.1.5
|
Brittle fracture
|
230
|
|
Page No.
10.2 Liquefied gas fires 230
10.2.1 Fire detection 231
10.2.2 Jet fires 231
10.2.3 Liquid (pool) fires 231
10.2.4 Fires in compressor rooms 232
10.3 Liquefied gas fire-fighting
233
10.3.1 Alarm procedures 233
10.3.2 Extinguishing mediums 233
10.3.3 Training 235
10.4 Emergency procedures 235
10.4.1 The emergency plan 235
10.4.2 Ship emergency procedures 236
10.4.3 Terminal emergency procedures 237
10.5 Emergency release and emergency shut-down 238
10.5.1 Emergency shut-down
(ESD) — ship/shore links 238
10.5.2 Emergency release systems (ERS) 238
10.6 Removal of ship from berth 239
10.7 Ship-to-ship cargo transfer 239
APPENDIX 1
|
References
|
241
|
APPENDIX 2
|
Liquefied and Chemical Gases Covered by the IGC
Code
|
245
|
APPENDIX 3
|
Ship/Shore Safety Check List
|
247
|
INDEX
|
269
|
Figures and Tables
Inside front and back covers — LPG and LNG carriers (to scale)
Figure No. Title
1.1 Constituents of natural gas
1.2 Typical flow diagram for LNG liquefaction
1.3 Typical oil/gas flow diagram
1.4 Typical flow diagram — production
of chemical gas
2.1 Molecular structure of some saturated hydrocarbons
2.2 Molecular structure of some unsaturated hydrocarbons
2.3 Molecular structure of some chemical gases
2.4 Solubility of water in butadiene
2.5 The polymerisation of vinyl chloride
2.5(a) Inhibitor
information form
2.6 Temperature/heat diagram for varying states of matter
2.7 Characteristics of methane
2.8 Simple refrigeration — evaporation/condensation cycle
2.9(a) Boyle’s Law for gases (constant temperature)
2.9(b) Charles’ Law for gases (constant
pressure)
2.9(c) Pressure Law for gases (constant volume)
2.10 Relationship between
adiabatic and isothermal compression
2.11 Barometric
method for measuring saturated vapour pressure
2.12 Characteristics of propane
2.13 Pressure/temperature relationship for hydrocarbon gases
2.14 Pressure/temperature relationship for chemical gases
2.15 Equilibrium diagram for propane/butane mixtures
2.16 Mollier diagram for propane
2.17 Flammable range for propane
2.18 Flammable vapour zones — a liquefied
gas spill
2.19 Flammable limits of gas mixtures in air and nitrogen
3.1 Prismatic self-supporting Type ‘A’ tank — fully refrigerated LPG carrier
3.2(a) Self-supporting spherical Type ‘B’ tank
3.2(b) Self-supporting prismatic Type ‘B’ tank
3.3 Type ‘C’ tanks — fully pressurised
gas carrier
3.4 Type ‘C’ tanks — semi-pressurised
gas carrier with bi-lobe tanks
3.5(a) Gaz Transport membrane containment system — larger LNG carriers
3.5(b) Construction of the Gaz Transport
membrane system
3.6(a) Technigaz membrane containment system — larger LNG carriers
3.6(b) Construction of the Technigaz
membrane — Mark lll
3.7 Compressor room/electric motor room on a gas carrier
4.1 Cargo tank dome piping arrangement — Type ‘C’ tank
4.2 Pilot-operated relief valve
4.3 Pump performance curves — a deepwell pump
4.4 Centrifugal pumps in parallel
— combined characteristics
Figure No. Title
4.5 Centrifugal pumps in series — combined
characteristics
4.6 Typical deepwell pump
4.7(a) Submerged motor pump for LPG
4.7(b) Typical LNG submerged motor pump assembly
4.8 Vertical booster
pump
4.9 Horizontal booster
pump
4.10 Cargo heater
4.10(a) Examples of indirect cooling
cycles
4.11(a) Single-stage direct reliquefaction cycle
4.11(b) Mollier diagram — single-stage direct reliquefaction cycle
4.12(a) Two-stage direct reliquefaction cycle with inter-stage cooling
4.12(b) Mollier diagram — two-stage direct reliquefaction cycle
4.13 Simplified cascade
reliquefaction cycle
4.14 Sulzer oil-free compressor
4.15 Linde oil-free compressor
4.16 Typical rotor for an oil-free screw compressor
4.17 Typical purge gas condenser system
4.18 Flow diagram of an inert gas generator
4.19 Saturated water content
of inert gas
4.20 Drying of inert gas
4.21 The membrane system for producing nitrogen
4.22 Intrinsic safety using Zener barriers
4.23 Float level
gauge
4.24 Nitrogen bubbler
level gauge
4.25 Differential pressure level gauge
4.26 Electrical capacitance level gauge
5.1 Typical gas carrier loading arm
5.2 Loading arm operating
envelope
5.3 Quick connect/disconnect coupling
5.4 Powered emergency release coupling (PERC)
5.5 Roots blower typically
used for vapour return
5.6 LPG loading terminal — vapour return using a shore based blower
5.7 Fully pressurised
storage in horizontal cylindrical tanks
5.8 Rock cavern LPG storage
5.9 Salt cavern LPG storage
5.10 Semi-pressurised
storage in spheres
5.11 Typical single-wall tank — LPG storage
5.12 LNG tank — concrete bund
5.13 LNG tank — double-wall
5.14 Double containment steel tank for LPG
5.15 LPG tank — earth berm
5.16 In-ground tank for LNG
5.17 Bursting disc for surge pressure relief
5.18 Flow diagram for reliquefaction within an LPG terminal
5.19 LNG receiving terminal — vaporiser/sendout
5.20 A positive displacement meter
5.21 A turbine meter
5.22 A prover loop
7.1 Air drying — operational cycle
7.2 Inerting cargo tanks by the displacement method
7.3(a) Gassing-up
cargo tanks using liquid from shore
7.3(b) Gassing-up
cargo tanks using vapour from shore
7.4 Cargo tank cool-down
using liquid from shore
7.5 Loading with vapour return
7.6 Loading without
vapour return
7.7 Cargo refrigeration at sea
Figure No. Title
7.8 Combined ship and shore pumping characteristics — single pump
7.9 Illustration of static head and friction
head
7.10 Combined ship and shore pumping characteristics — parallel
pumps
7.11 Discharge without
vapour return
7.12 Discharge with vapour return
7.13 Pipeline diagram of a cargo booster pump and heater
7.14 Removal of cargo liquid residue by pressurisation
7.15 Inerting of cargo tanks
7.16 Aeration of cargo tanks
8.1 Cargo calculations — correction for trim
8.2 Cargo calculations — correction for list
9.1 Patient label
9.2(a) Oxygen indicator
— circuit diagram
9.2(b) Oxygen indicator
— plan view
9.2(c) A polarographic cell
9.3(a) Combustible gas indicator — circuit diagram
9.3(b) Combustible gas indicator — calibration graph
9.4 Infrared gas analyser
9.5 Toxic gas indicator
9.6 Maritime safety card with safety check list
10.1 Pool fire configurations
Table No. Title
1.1 Physical properties
of some liquefied gases
2.1 Synonyms for the main liquefied
gases
2.2 Chemical properties
of liquefied gases
2.3(a) Chemical compatibilities of liquefied gases
2.3(b) Previous cargo compatibilities of liquefied gases
2.4 Inert gas compositions
2.4(a) Factors affecting lubrication
2.5 Physical properties
of gases
2.6 Conversion factors
for units of pressure
2.7 Calculation for molecular
mass of a gas mixture
2.8 Ignition properties
for liquefied gases
2.9 Flammability range in air and oxygen for some liquefied
gases
3.1 Typical insulation materials
8.1 ASTM 56 (short table)
9.1 Health data — cargo vapour
9.1(a) Health data — cargo inhibitors
9.2 Additional health data — cargo liquid
9.3 Liquefied gas groups — for medical first aid purposes
9.4 Enclosed spaces on gas carriers
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